It's at least an accepted economic theory - there is much heterodoxy in the field, and I've heard it before (and I agree with it, for what it's worth).
I’m not sure how much economists believed this as they were materially incentivized to parrot this logic. Most of economics is just laundering the interests of the ruling class with spurious math and heuristics that are unmoored from political and social realities.
Yes. I am entirely comfortable in saying that the economic consensus is strongly against the Austrian and Chicago perspectives. Both of these schools value prior ideology over empirical data. It's a "debate" on forums like this, but not even remotely so amongst the economists I talk to.
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