From what I gather, they have a license for a specific category (airplane) and class (multi engine land), and then (above some threshold) require type ratings for specific types.
On #4, the FAA actually has multiple levels of safety. Small airplanes, including even some small jets, are certified to part 23 standards. Airliners are certified to part 25 standards, which are more stringent.
Even operationally, a part 121 operator (schedule airline) has the strictest requirements, followed by a part 135 operator (on-demand charter), followed by a part 91 (private, not for hire).
Not exactly, but that's why we have different certificates, endorsements, and type ratings that show demonstrated competence with each type of airplane.
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