Basically: It's based on a consumer price index with the starting point of May 2000 (100%) and which is published every few years.
A landlord can apply a maximum of 40% of the index increase in rent-increase, since the last time rent was adjusted. This is based on his equity investment into the object.
That is if you don't renovate nor modernise the building at all. It is an incentive for landlords to keep the building up to date.
In your corner case scenario, an outdated 100 years old apartment would be pretty lame and worth its fair price of "almost free".
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