Are all US (criminal) court cases jury cases? Must be noted that this is only true for the US and other common law states, a lot of countries do not have or have only very limited notions of juries.
Actually, outside of the US, not many countries have juries for most crimes.
In most of Western Europe, juries are only possible for murder (or worse). For everything else, a judge decides without any recourse for the population. There, you do not have the right to a jury trial at all.
Other countries definitely use juries, just not as universally as the US. They more often just have a judge or a panel of judges, or sometimes a sort of jury that includes judges.
Juries have a rather minor role in criminal justice. Far less than 1% of crimes ever get to a jury. There are some US jurisdictions where the only cases that ever get to a jury are those with mandatory life and/or death punishments that preclude plea bargaining.
Even amongst those who want to go to trial on lesser charges regularly opt for a judge rather than jury.
Juries are most certainly not a universal part of the legal system. They are mostly found in the Anglosphere. Most European countries, for example, have a civil law system that typically does not feature a jury of peers.
I think that at least in most crimes and with a definition of "jury" similar to that of USA or UK, most developed nations don't have jury trials. The common law countries do (USA and UK plus some Commonwealth countries, such as Canada, Australia, Hong Kong).
Some countries have some elements of traditional juries in some kinds of court cases, but for example in Nordic countries, there are no jurors, just lay judges. The lay judges don't sit in a jury box, they sit on the bench for judges, and they sit many cases, not just one where they'd be called to jury duty.
For example, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Poland, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Netherlands, Italy, Spain don't really have jury trials.
Belgium, France, Switzerland and Russia have some kind of juries in some limited cases, but not commonly.
Also many developed former Commonwealth countries have given up jury trials (South Africa, Singapore) while some countries that did not have jury trials have fairly recently started to experiment with them (South Korea, Japan).
However, it would be safe to say that most developed nations don't have jury trials, or only have them for very specific circumstances.
I'd like to add the perspective here that only the US "makes routine use of jury trials in a wide variety of non-criminal cases" [Wikipedia], so most of the world believes that justice can take place (at least in some circumstances) without a jury
Many democratic countries have courts without juries. E.g. in France (and in many other countries in Continental Europe, because Napoleon) only the Cour d'assises, which has jurisdiction on serious crimes, has lay judges (not exactly the same as jurors, but close enough). All the other courts, including all the appellate courts, have professional judges only.
In the US, if either the prosecution or defendant want a jury then there is a jury trial. In practice this means almost all criminal trials are jury trials. As an added note, juries are perceived to be dull witted and easily deceived compared to a judge with years of experience. On the other hand, many judges are elected so they may worry about how their decisions will look to the public, the public generally hates judges who do not convict (because tv tells them everyone is guilty). Other judges can be political appointees with strong opinions.
So each party in a case decides whether or not to have a jury based on these points.
To a limited extent, attorneys can ask to change judges. Judges are embarrassed when they are "papered" this way so this provides pressure not too be absurdly biased.
And finally, there are a few differences in laws and huge differences in both judges and jury around the US both in opinions and education level. Dare I say this is why patent cases all end up in East Texas.
The number of criminal cases decided by juries in the US is less than 1.5%. The vast majority of cases are decided by plea bargaining. So the system has this potential issue covered already.
Juries are a component of common law (and not used in all common law countries at that), and the vast majority of the world runs on the civil law system (which is, IMHO, better).
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