I can't really think of any outside of youtube. There's local search engine (Yandex and some lesser ones), there's local social website (vkontakte). Russians don't talk English well and mostly use Russian websites which are, obviously, mostly hosted inside Russia. Wikipedia is another example, but, funny enough, Russian government wants to develop a curated alternative and already have money to fund it (basically web hosted encyclopedia).
Not as of yet. Actually, if you use tor (with out-of-Russia exit nodes, which I think is the default when using it from Russia?), you can already freely access all the sites blocked in Russia, non-onion ones. But, obviously, tor and VPNs are good solutions only for people willing to go an extra mile to get to the prohibited content.
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